① Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as sadness, fear and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.【21T解題句】 Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. 【21T定位】This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

　?、?【22T定位】In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. 【23T定位】“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, 【23T解題句】adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feeling that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.

　?、?And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.

　?、?Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.

　　⑤ In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, she rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.

　?、?“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret.”

　　21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.

　　1. 識別：細(xì)節(jié)題

　　2. 解題：

　　1)定位：模糊定位 P1/P2——關(guān)鍵詞準(zhǔn)確定位(guilt can be a good thing)

　　2)解題：This(知識點1) is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.

　　知識點1：承前指代，解題句：Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as sadness, fear and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral(選項原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)) norms.

　　[A] regulate a child’s basic emotions

　　[B] improve a child’s intellectual ability

　　[C] foster a child’s moral development

　　[D] intensify a child’s positive feelings

　　22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be______.

　　1. 識別：細(xì)節(jié)題

　　2. 解題：

　　1)定位：模糊定位(題干已知P2)——準(zhǔn)確定位

　　2)解題：In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. ——此句不能直接解題——下句找線索——It is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones.——burdensome(單詞記憶：burden+-some形容詞后綴，累贅的，不堪重負(fù)的。拓展：類似的-some后綴的單詞：worrisome, handsome)

　　[A] deceptive

　　[B] burdensome

　　[C] addictive

　　[D] inexcusable

　　23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that______.

　　1. 識別：細(xì)節(jié)題

　　2. 解題：

　　1)定位：模糊定位P2/P3——準(zhǔn)確定位P2下半段

　　2)解題：adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feeling that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another.

　　[A] emotions are context-independent(脫離環(huán)境的，與解題句意思相反)

　　[B] emotions are socially constructive(未提到)

　　[C] emotional stability can benefit health(未提到)

　　[D] an emotion can play opposing roles(一種情感可以起到完全不同的作用，解題句中說到：一種環(huán)境下有利另外一種環(huán)境下有害，是兩種相反的作用)

　　24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing______.

　　1. 識別：細(xì)節(jié)題

　　2. 解題：

　　1)定位：模糊定位(題干已知P3)——準(zhǔn)確定位

　　2)解題：Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.

　　[A] may help correct emotional deficiencies

　　[B] can result from either sympathy or guilt

　　[C] can bring about emotional satisfaction

　　[D] may be the outcome of impulsive acts

　　25. The word “transgressions” (Para.5) is closest in meaning to______.

　　1. 識別：詞義句意題

　　2. 解題：

　　語義關(guān)系——after順承關(guān)系，前后語義一致

　　[A] teachings 教導(dǎo);教義;說教

　　[B] discussions 討論

　　[C] restrictions 限制

　　[D] wrongdoings 錯誤

　　二、長難句分析

　?、?Unlike so-called basic emotions, such as(同位語標(biāo)志，表示列舉) sadness, fear and anger, guilt (主)emerges (謂) a little later, in conjunction with(引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語) a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms.

　　不像悲傷、恐懼和憤怒那些所謂的基本情感那樣，愧疚感的出現(xiàn)會晚一些，而且是隨著孩子逐漸掌握了社會和道德準(zhǔn)則之后。

　　三、重點詞匯及詞組整理

　　1. in conjunction with 與……一起，共同

　　2. appease vt. 撫慰、平息;滿足(要求)，緩解(感覺)

　　3. rap n./v. 輕敲;叩擊;苛責(zé)，尖銳批評

　　4. binary adj. 二元的，雙重的，兩極的

　　5. evolve v. 進(jìn)化 evolve to do

　　6. substitute for 代替